HISTOLOGY THURSDAY 4/17
Three gland adrenal thyroid and panrcreas
adrenal gland ( suprarenal gland) endocrine gland
two glands in one ( gland in center – medulla) edge-cortext separate endocrine glands
hormones they secrete is very different
Adrenal medulla ( Epinephrine (20%)/NeuroEpi(80%))
alpha and beta receptors ( heart Beta Recetor ( epinephrine) increase H.R. and contractibility
cortex secretes steroids equal amounts in females and males
steroids- Mineralocorticoides (aldosterone)→ regulates kidney increase Na reabor and sodium excretion
glucocorticoide ( cortisol/ corticosterone)
sex hormones ( all steroids)
different types → androgen( increase sex character)
CT capsule outside covering with dots
cortex three zone middle is the largest very verticles
medullary cords
cells of 2/3 of cortex
notice the circulation vessels coming into the surface
figure 20-11
hormones from the cortex pass through the medulla
medullary artery
tropic hormone ( stimulate other hormones-anterior pituitary)
receptors for the ACTH peptide ( surface receptor) signal transduction and the cell makes steroid.
cortisol negatively feed back ( only)
inhibits ACTH
aldosterone →kidney salt sweet in the middle like insulin (cortisol) plasma glucose
androgen as the
figure 20-15
disease s
hyposecretion( ectomy removal) hypophosectomy ( atrophy) smaller
stress → activity of the cortex
medulla different kind of cell
no T. M.
Rough ER, Golgi present
secretory granules.
no stored hormones in cortext
tyrosine ( transporter)
hormones
stimulus for releasing hormones( sympapathic) preganglionic cell
cholinergic nerve ending
postganglinic neuron cell by itself
THYROID
infront of the treacha
adam’s apple
along the trachea
palate very soft
can be check for cancer- arise in the thyroid often
gland itself when radiated ( radioactive I) can cause cancer
parathyroid( posterior) four bundle of the tissue
very well vascularized
ball of cells- follicles
pars intermedia of the pituitary
entire gland is made up of follicles
Colloid (describe protein)
parafollicular cells along side of the follicles (T3-T4)
para- Calcitonin ( lowers ca2+)
PTH( parathyroid hormone raises plasma calcium)
Thyroid diseases ( graves disease) well known hyperthyroidism autoimmune disease- auto anti-bodies stimulating the thyroid gland as if they were pitatary hormone ( TSH)
more T3 and T4 increase in follicular growth
Pathology ( Hashimoto’s thyroditis autoimmune hypothyroidism
follicle rising in the tissue massive inflammation of thyroids
synthesis- follicular cells colloid is on top
starting is amino acids (fig20-27)
hormone exocytose in the
thyroglobulin
when the cel
cleavage of the large protein
puts them together T3 and T4(four iodides tyrosine)
parathyroid glands
laryngeal nerve (thyroid cancer)
prevention of phonation( speaking)
brown deposit of sec reaction calcitonin positive (parafollicular cells)
PANCREAS
B cells insulin
A cell glucogon
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