Function of the Renal system:
filters the plasma
proteins are excluded from entering the kidney
large amount of plasma leaves
filtration
returns it to the blood reabsorption of the blood
urine is the product
Dialyzing the blood
Removed Toxins
Liver is the primary detoxifying organ
what kinds of toxins? Salts
Sodium and chloride
kidney is conserving salt
electrolyte—K is being removed very important
should be concentrated in the plasma High Plasma
unregulated effects excitability of the cardiac cells
K is the most permeable ion. Dialysis will not include small amount of potassium
Metabolic Toxin- Regulating plasma volume and
Hydrogen ion^ contribution to pH should be careful
kidney excrete acid for us
has lot of buffer
Phosphate and bicarbonate
basic unit of Kidney – nephron
Renal artery divides to smaller blood vessels and the arterioleos
Afferent ( incoming) glomerular capillary
look over the notes
glomerular capillaries are all the way to end.
in the cortex.
entering of the vessel which has different names.
that where filtration takes place.
KIDNEY OVER PIC / NEPHRON PIC
where the filtration takes place is the bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule—going from cortex to the medulla
thin limb- descending and ascending
distal convoluted tubule. Collection site at the collecting duct
Giant space for each pyramid is called the papilla.
Renal pelvis- Calyx
open pathway all the way to bladder where infection could happen
Endothium of the glomerulus and the epith of the bowman’s capsule
transitional epith. Anything above the papilla is the simple epith
loop squamous
cuboidal in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
papilla transitional all the way to the uretra
Cancer that arise from transitional epith
common cancer of the epithelium
carcigenic
One Nephron- actual is 1.2 million
Blood supply of the nephron
Fluid will leave the capillary
across the epithlium of the bowman’s capsule afferent arteriole
surround the entire nephron –
Vasa recta( long set of pertubular capillary
loop of henle / collecting duct in the medulla
most reaborption happened in the proximal convoluted tubule
the final place of the reaborption happened in the collection duct
concentration of the
hormone ADH regulates
Drawing of the SEM of the filtring site
bowman's capsule
yellow represent the lining of the balloon
PODOCYTE – cell that surround the capillaries have become specialized
little feet- toes where the fluid is streaming in the capsule
fluid is entering the afferent arteriole
slight hydrostatic pressure ( force) counter pressure where
urinary space
urinary pole
vascular pole of the capsule
hydrostatic pressure ( counter pressure from the osmotic pressure of the proteins)
that’s not being filtered is the net backward pressure.
counter pressure( blood coming in the glomeriular
BP is coming in getting into the site by the starling force where the interistsl fluid is very low
counter back pressure because the pressure is not zero. That=’s one counter pressure
slight negative pressure and the second counter pressure that is the pressure from the proteins
change in the protein secretion
constriction of the efferent arteriole which will increase the hydrostatic pressure
MESENGIAL CELLS
regulating the resistance of the glomerular capillary
reduce the surface area of the glomeluar
under neorogenic and hormonal control
all those things can change filtrain pressure
LOOK OVER THE TEXT
The podocyte are nucleated ( cut open in the text) Lumen of the capillary
the branches the surface epithelium of the capsule
the podocyte are sharing wilth other cells
another podocyte wih another body
between those toea where the fluid is steaming out of the capillary
hight permeability is fenestration and no diaphragms
barrier to the proteins ( Fairly desencen size)
basement mem between podocyte and the epithe
Repels the plasma protein which is negatively charged
Albumin ( too big to be filtered)
Limited amount of reabso even in the normal conditions)
specialize epith cells the surface of the capsule ( PODOCYTE)
Parietal layer which is flat
SEM of cluster of PODOCYTE of the blood vessles
where the fluid is flowing out
Giant PODOCYTE nucleus
Diabetes- Nephratopy kidney damage diabatic kidney( DEMO)
Glomeriluss highly nucleated
Half Moon endoth cell
podocyte nuclei is more elongated to half moon shaped
Blood vessels going through
Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Proximal tubule is not drawn correcting in the text
more proximal than distal conv tubule
proximal is darker
Major reabsorptive structure of the kidney
Lumen is filled with many stuff ( microvill) not neat brush border
Distal convul cells clear and small
Afferent arteriole and also efferent
Renin is secreted ( regulated the blood pressure)
Cells of the distal tubules ( close together Macula Densa)- regulation of BP
Cell of the JUXGlomerular cells ( Clusters)
Located in the interstital spce between glom space and renal tubule
Mesangial cells inside the capillary in the interstiam between the blood vessel
MESENGInal cells started to idenfi role in the BP pressure
Lot of hormonal receptor
closely associated with the ?
DPPGPG cortex outside of the glomerulas
bowman's space ( urinary space)
distal ones are lighter
Special stains ( apical polysac staining )
cells are thicker
Rough abnormal microvilli( huge surface in the proximal tubule)
brush border( distal) much flatter
and more reabsorption and hormo regulated
distal aldosterone recepter ( angiotension reception)
LOOK OVER THE FILTRATION BARRIER
ALL SEGMENTS
PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
MEDULLA and LOOP OF HENLE
Macula Densa ( Distal Convoluted tubules)
PCT- DCT
site of the Macula densa Macula
JUXTAG
Apparaus – Enzyme ( RENIN) from the renal system that goes in the blood
catalyze angio 1 to 2 and causes
REVIEW THE PATHWAY
BIG DUCTS are collecing duct
interlobular arteries
Afferent Arteriole
Urinary bladder (Transitional)
A- Empty bladder
B- Full Bladder
polynucleated and stratified
lot of smooth muscle
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