Aldehyde and Ketones are very important functional groups, due to the carbonyl C=O.
Basically, the reactions are either oxidation or nucleophilic additions. Synthesis of Aldehyde and ketones: from alkenes, cleaving the double bond with Ozonelysis. H subsituents will give Aldehyde while R groups yield ketones.
Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehyde and ketone by PCC and dimethyl chloride (Jone's oxidation) respectively. Mercuration of the alkynes with HgSO4 in the acidic condition (Markovnikov's) or Anti-Mark with BH3,THF in presence of H2O2 and Base. Aromatic structure like benzene will also work (Alkylation) using RC=OCl and AlCl3.
Reduction with Hydrozine( Wolff-Kishner) in presence of base will take out the O from the carbonyl and replaces it with H's. (look up the mechanism). Reduction also with H2 and presence of catalyst ( know everything about catalyst including the energy diagram).
Wittig reaction with Wittig reagent RCHPPh3 will give alkene off of aldehyde and ketones.
For more information, refer to Vollhardt O-chem book.
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